Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development - 3150 Words

Piaget’s Theory Of Cognitive Development Jaclyn F. Losquadro Hunter College, The City Of New York Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Cognitive development is much more than addition of new facts and ideas to an existing store of information. According to Piaget, our thinking processes change radically, though slowly, from birth to maturity because we constantly strive to make sense of our world. He also believed that all people pass through the same four stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational) in the exact same order. These four stages are required for one to gain understanding of his or her world. As a result of Jean Piaget’s early research in Biology, Piaget concluded that all†¦show more content†¦Through this they begin to form schemas to shape memory. As infants approach the fourth month, they continue to show trail and error attempts to repeat and prolong fortuitous interesting events. Their movement is more accurate, prà ©cised, and often described as â€Å"outside† their body. This sub stage is known as the secondary circular reactions (Mil ler 2011). During the circular reactions, the child becomes aware of what is referred to as Object Permanence. Object Permanence is one’s realization that something exists even when it’s out of perception (Sugarman 1987). For example, the infant understands that the ball that has rolled out of sight still exists even though it is not in view anymore. At around 8-12 months, the sub-stage of coordination of secondary circulatory reactions is seen (Miller 2011). Within this domain, the infant shows coordination of schemas. He or she retrieves hidden objects but continues searching where objects were previously found rather than where they were last hidden. As the infant experiences object permanence, they begin to develop separation anxiety. At around 12-18months, he or she shows tertiary circular reactions (Miller 2011). Tertiary circular reactions involve the infant showing an interest in novelty for it’s own sake. He or she begins to walk on it’s own wit hout a walker. They continue to show lots of curiosity and interest. They may begin creating ideas and experiments. For example, aShow MoreRelatedPiagets Theory of Cognitive Development1075 Words   |  5 PagesPiaget’s Theory of Child Psychological Development There currently exists a great deal of literature based on child developmental psychology from a variety of great psychologists, notably Freud, Erikson, Bowlby, Bandura, Vygotsky, and many others. However, this paper will focus on the theories of Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget, a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896. After working with Alfred Binet in his children’s intelligence testsRead MorePiagets Theory of Cognitive Development1173 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive development is the development of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Historically, the cognitive development of children has been studied in a variety of ways. The oldest is through intelligence tests. An example of this is the Stanford Binet Intelligence Quotient test. IQ scoring is based on the concept of mental age, according to which the scores of a child of average intelligence matchRead MorePiagets Theory of Cognitive Development959 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The term cognitive development refers to the process of developing intelligence and higher level thinking that allows a person to acquire problem-solving skills from the age of infancy through adulthood. A Swiss philosopher by the name of Jean Piaget took an interest in in developmental psychology; specifically in children during infancy through pre-adolescence. This model developed by Piaget still has a modern-day relevancy. Contributions to Learning and Cognition Read MoreTheories Of Development : Piagets Theory Of Cognitive Development1363 Words   |  6 PagesPiagets theory of cognitive development In the 1960s and 1970s, the Freudian psychology was changed with the initiation of the empirical methods to study the human behavior. Psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget empirically verified, moving towards the cognitive development theory to provide the new perspective to the individual in getting awareness about the developmental stages of the children. Just like Freud, Piaget thought that human development could only be described in stages. On theRead MoreDiscuss Piagets theory of cognitive development1235 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Discuss Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development Cognitive Development can be defined as the development of thought processes. This includes thinking, concept understanding, problem solving, and decision making and remembering from childhood on to adulthood. There are two theories of Cognitive development that offer us two different ways of understanding it. The first is called Domain general. This theory states that one line of development determines all of the changes in a child’sRead MorePiagets Theory of Cognitive Development Essays1715 Words   |  7 Pagesa lifelong interest in how individuals, especially children, use cognitive development to adapt to the world around them. Piaget published his first paper by the age of 10, completed his bachelor’s degree by the age of 18, and at the age of 22 received his PhD from the University of Neuchatel. Piaget spent many years of his life researching the developmental and cognitive knowledge of children. The Theory of Cognitive Development places focus on human intelligence and developmental thinking. â€Å"InfluencedRead MorePiagets Stage Theory of Cognitive Development647 Words   |  3 PagesThe Piagets Theory The Piagets stage theory of cognitive development is also known as the stage theory. It introduces that, in the expansion of our thinking, we act through an organized and certain sequence of steps. However, the theory focuses not only on compassionate how the children obtain knowledge, but likewise on the discernment of the substance of intelligence. According to the Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, there are two stages in the thinking pattern of a 3-year old preschoolerRead More Major Challenges to Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development2134 Words   |  9 Pageschallenges to Piagets theory of cognitive development and what aspects still have value? To answer this question, Piagets theory of development should be explained along with Vygotskys theory and the connectionist theory of development, and then each should be compared with the others. Once this has been achieved the main similarities and differences will be summarized, and finally the areas of Piagets theory that have not been undermined by other theories will be reiterated. In Piagets opinionRead MoreThe Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe theorist, Jean Piaget, was most interested in the development of children’s intellectual organization. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development begins with the sensorimotor stage. Sensorimotor intelligence is thinking by observing objects and acting in response to them. Throughout the stages the child understands that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen which is referred to as object permanence. When a child exhibits a behavior that creates an experience that leads to repetitionRead MoreEssay about Understanding Piaget’s Theory and Current Criticism1370 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished a theory of cognitive growth during childhood. This theory was viewed as a major model for understanding the intricate steps of mental development from the thinking to understanding for a child. This theory also gave rise to the me ntality that cognitive processes during childhood are not minuscule versions of adults but rather an irrational yet unique process with its own rules. Even though Piaget’s theory seems quite reasonable and logical, under the light of recent speculation his theory has

Tabloid Newspapers And Tabloid Journalism - 1315 Words

Tabloid newspapers and tabloid journalism have been rocking the print world since the late 1880s. The term â€Å"tabloid† was coined by a pharmaceutical company from London called Burroughs Wellcome Co. This company marketed compressed tablets called â€Å"tabloid pills.† The word â€Å"tabloid† soon started to refer to small and compact articles. In London in the early 1900s, the Westminster Gazette announced that it was going to have a tabloid for news printed by other journals; this is where tabloid journalism first took off. In 1918 the tabloid became a smaller sheet newspaper with the condensed stories. There are generally two types of tabloid newspapers, the Red Top and the Compact. These two types are mostly found in the United Kingdom.†¦show more content†¦The Morning Star still individualizes itself from both the Red Top and the older broadsheets; this newspaper focuses on socialism and blue-collar laborers. Compact tabloid papers circula te around politics, such as progressive to conservative and from capitalist to socialist. Another form of a tabloid newspaper, that is infamous in America and the United Kingdom are Supermarket tabloids. These tabloids are known for over exaggerated and questionable stories. Some papers in this medium of tabloids are The Globe, The National Enquirer, Star, and Weekly World News; these papers, usually publish negative stories and use dirty tactics to get their information. These tabloids are widely distributed through the â€Å"magazine distribution channel.† â€Å"The first official tabloid in the United States was the Illustrated Daily News was started in New York in 1919 by Robert McCormick and Joseph Medill Patterson (Wallace 11).† This tabloid then leads to the New York Daily Mirror and the New York Evening Graphic in the 1920s. These tabloid newspapers’ competition for the next big story was considered to be an enormous scandal of the press of that er a. In comparison, presently, the American tabloids have a less heated competition between stories. The tabloid newspaper format is being used by a lot ofShow MoreRelatedThe Problem With Yellow Journalism1207 Words   |  5 PagesThe Problem with Yellow Journalism. Tabloids are everywhere. You see them while in line at the grocery store, on the stands at street corners, in doctor’s offices, and you can even have them mailed to you. These tabloids have become so ingrained into society that many people consider them to be a true form of journalism. Though this may be one of the views of tabloids, my opinion is that they should not be considered journalism because in reality, they are modern and maybe even worse versions ofRead MoreYellow Journalism: Then and Now859 Words   |  4 PagesYellow Journalism: Then and Now Yellow JournalismÂ… the unbelievable headlines, gossip you hear from the paparazzi, although you think it is just harmless gossip, it is everything but that, as a matter of fact it has caused wars amongst America and other countries. The term yellow journalism was originally coined to describe the journalistic practices of Joseph Pulitzer. Today, it is synonymous with the inflammatory editorials of William Randolph Hearst. In a classic example of yellow journalismRead MoreEssay about Tabloids and Propaganda1695 Words   |  7 PagesTabloids and Propaganda Statement of Problem Tabloids and Propaganda, Are all of the tabloids true, or are they false? Or do they have some truth to them? These questions ponder the minds of the readers of these pieces of journalism when they read them. They often wonder if they are truthful for there are many lawsuits that seem to say that they arent. I tend to wonder myself as well. I constantly see the Supermarket tabloids at newsstands or at supermarkets themselves and I tend to wonderRead MoreInternship Review: The Marketing and Sales Department of B. Z. Newspaper, Berlin1757 Words   |  7 Pagessales department of B.Z. Berlin While interning at the marketing and sales department at B.Z. Berlin (a tabloid newspaper in Berlin), I was able to gain an insiders view of how both print and digital publications must position themselves in the competitive, ever-changing news marketplace. Marketing within the communications industry is extremely cutthroat and even relatively popular tabloids with an established readership like B.Z. Berlin must fight for market share. Over the course of my internshipRead MoreTabloid Content1427 Words   |  6 PagesLtd is based on tabloid content† 1. Introduction News has always been a matter of commerce, and it has always entertained as well as informed (Barkin 2003, p.64). News Ltd, undeniably, has focused on tabloid content in order to derive an enormous benefit from it. To rise fame, broadly speaking, News Ltd has exploited the interest of the target audiences, crucially by appealing to their human side. This is to say that the success of New Corporations is mainly contributed by tabloid contents. 2. WhatRead MoreThe Effect of the Wapping Revolution on British Journalism Essay1818 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effect of the Wapping Revolution on British Journalism In 1986, when Rupert Murdoch, the owner of News International, moved production of his major titles (The Times, The Sunday Times, The Sun and The News of the World) from Fleet Street to Wapping, he set about an irreversible chain reaction in the structure of journalism in the UK. Although I believe that some kind of major political and technological change in the press was inevitable and arguably overdue byRead MoreThe Importance Of Perception Management In The War983 Words   |  4 Pageswhere the national use internet and social network as a weapon, it become superior than tradition war Yellow journalism was known by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer after they used this type successful for their newspaper during The Spanish-American War during 1890s. What they did was inflated the situation to a higher level among people to create war. ‘The term yellow journalism came from a popular New York World comic called Hogans Alley, which featured a yellow-dressed character namedRead MoreThe Modern Era Of Reporting944 Words   |  4 Pages Journalism has come a long way since its early time, but has remained the same fundamentally. This essay will explain the different types of eras in reporting the news, starting from the colonial era all the way to what is currently called the modern era of reporting. This will also define the terms of the Penny Press, Jazz journalism, Yellow journalism, and Muckraking to its specific era. In 1690, Benjamin Harris published the first American newspaper. Freedom of press wasn’t exactly in styleRead MoreThe Role Of Journalism And Its Impact On Society Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, the role of journalism is a varied one that covers many different aspects of people’s lives. As more and more outlets spring up around the world, many more stories are able to be covered by different outlets, and this means that journalism takes on a more and more important role in a contemporary society. Much of our lives centre on political and social happenings, and journalistic outlets are the public’s way of finding all the information on these event. Journalism also provides us withRead MoreReview: An Internship in the Marketing and Sales Department of B. Z. Newspaper, Berlin1973 Words   |  8 Pagesmarketing and sales department of B.Z. Berlin (a tabloid newspaper based in Berlin). The paper reviews how my capacities in those department help satisfy the 4Ps (promotion, price, placement, and product) of marketing. Different components of the marketing mix exhibited in my duties included creating a balance of salacious with genuinely positive and heart-warming news; creating cash giveaways to generate regular readership; diffusing criticism of the tabloid industry through balanced reporting of positive

Business Law ASIC v Healey & Ors 2011 FCA 717 †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the ASIC v Healey Ors [2011] FCA 717 (Centro Case). Answer: Introduction The Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) initiated legal proceedings against six non-executive directors and two executives of the Centro entities. The six non-executive chairpersons were former non-executive chairperson and the two executives were former chief executive officer. The ASIC initiated the legal proceedings on the ground that all the defendants had contravened their legal duty of care and diligence towards the Centro entities, by approving the consolidated financial accounts for the Centro entities for the financial year that ended on 30 June 2007 (Stuart 2015). The consolidated financial statements erroneously classified $1.5 billion in debt as non-current liabilities where in fact, they were current liabilities. They further failed to reveal US$1.75 billion in guarantees which was later found to be an essential event that had been entered into post the balance date. The failure to disclose such significant and crucial matters and the misclassification of the short-term debt burden as a series of non-current liabilities falsely presented the short-term debt burden of the company. The directors were found to be guilty in contravening the directorial duties stipulated under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (the Act) with respect to the care and diligence that they are obligated to exhibit in the position of Directors thus, violating section 180(1), 601FD(1) and 344(1) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (the Act). This case did not held that the directors were dishonest but that they failed to take reasonable steps that that law obligates the directors to take while they act in the position of the directors of the company. Duties breached by the Directors The directors have been held liable for contravening section 344(1), 180(1) and section 601FD (1), section 296, 297, 298 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) that required them to discharge their directorial duties with due care and diligence. According to section 180 (1) of the Act, a director or any other officer of a corporation are obligated to exercise their powers and discharge their duties with due care and carefulness that would be exercised by any other reasonable person if such person was in the position of the Directors of the company. The reasonable person shall have the same responsibilities as that of the directors (Banerjee and Humphery-Jenner 2016). The Directors have been found liable for contravening their directorial duties stipulated under section 180(1) of the Act on the following grounds: The directors failed to pay proper attention while reading and understanding the content of the CPL reports with respect to the sorting of liabilities as current or non-current; the revelation of the relevant guarantees; The directors failed to properly assess the content of the CPL reports regarding the classification of liabilities and disclosure of relevant guarantees; The director failed to make sufficient enquiry with the management, the Board Audit and Risk Management Committee and other Board members regarding the failure of the CPL Financial reports to sort the liabilities; disclosure of the CPL reports. They failed to pay adequate attention to the management representation letter provided to the directors; failure to meet the requirements specified under section 295A of the Act. The directors were not provided with a declaration with respect to section 295A of the Act. The ASIC has further alleged that the first defendant, Brian Healey, has violated section 601FD (1) and (3) of the Act. According to section 601FD (1), the first defendant has failed to exercise due care and diligence that would be exercised by any reasonable person if such person was in the position of the directors (Keay 2014). A director is required to act for the welfare of the members of the company and in case there arises conflict of interests between the entity and the members; the directors must give more priority to the interest of the members. As per section 601FD (3) of the Act, any person who contravenes subsection 1 of the Act shall be said to have contravened this subsection as well and a director must not intentionally violate subsection 1 of the Act. The first defendant contravened the mentioned section with respect to the Centro Property Trust by his conduct on 6 September 2007. Being an officer of the CPT Manager Limited, he voted in favor of the resolution that approved the annual financial report or the CPT Financial Report and annual directors report (CPT Directors report) for the year that ended on 30 June 2007. The reports were approved even when CPT financial report was not in compliance with the standards of accounting stipulated under section 296 of the Act. Further, the financial statements and the notes in the CPT Financial Report contravened section 297 of the Act as the financial report provided a false and unfair analysis of the financial position of the entity as there was misclassification of the liabilities and non-disclosure of the short-term debt burden of the company (Velasco 2014). The directors were further alleged to have contravened section 298 of the Act as the CPT Directors Report did not provide any details of the Relevant Guarantees that was legally required to be given under section 299 (1) (d) and 299A of the Act. As per section 344 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), a director of a company shall be subject to civil penalty if he fails to take rational steps to act in accordance with the directorial duties that would have been exercised by any reasonable person in the position of the director and under the same circumstances. Critical analysis of the decision of the Australian Federal Court The Federal court opined that the directors of the company are conscientious, experienced and intelligent people and there is nothing to suggest that the director did not discharge their directorial duties honestly and diligently (Strine 2014). However, under certain specific circumstances, it can be observed that the directors have failed to take reasonable steps that they were legally obligated to take and have also failed to perform their duties exercising the level of care and diligence that was required of them by law. In regards to the importance of the matters that they were aware of, the directors should not have certified the truth of the financial statements and published the annual reports when there was no disclosure of the significant matters (Laing, Douglas and Watt 2015). The court further stated that had the directors applied their mind with respect to the financial statements and identified the significance of the task, each director would have enquired about the matters that were not revealed to them. It was imperative for the directors to review the financial statements and made proper enquiry about the matters disclosed by those financial statements. The issue surrounding the legal proceeding has been whether the directors of the publicly listed entities were required to apply their knowledge and minds while reviewing the proposed report of the directors in order to determine that the content of the report is consistent with the knowledge possessed by the director with respect to the affairs of the company. The directors should have ensured that the content does not leave out material matters that was known to the directors. The court stated that a director is central to the management and direction of the any organization and the role played by the director may have a deep impact not only on the shareholders, creditors, employees but also on the community. The directors are usually accountable for ensuring that documents are properly reviewed, adopted, and approved after effectively perusing the documents. The directors must review the content of the documents with the knowledge that they possess by virtue of the position that the directors hold (ODonnell et al. 2015). The contention that effective perusal of every documents before their approval overburdens the directors shall not be taken into consideration as the directors receive good remuneration and gold a prestigious position which requires to them to discharge their directorial duties and exhibit due care, diligence and intelligence while discharging their responsibilities. While explaining the significance of the position held by the directors, the court stated that the law confers upon the directors a irreducible and a vital responsibility to be involved in the management of the company and take necessary steps to act in the best interest of the organization and its members. The law also obligates the directors to carefully peruse and understand every document before approving or adopting it and must ensure the accuracy and fairness of the content of the document prior to the formation of any opinion that is expressed in the declaration under section 295(4) of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth). For this purpose, the directors must ensure that the financial statements are consistent with the knowledge possessed by the Directors. A director must concentrate more on the affairs of the company that require him to act diligently and apply his intelligence while discharging the directorial duties. Under the circumstances of this case, the directors failed to exercise their duty to peruse and comprehend the documents and make necessary enquiries relating to the fairness of the financial statements. Since the directors are not required to participate in the day-to-day activities of the company and neither are they required to possess infinite knowledge or ability, it is expected from them to discharge their primary duties exercising due care and diligence. The directors claimed relief from liability on the ground that they relied on management and the auditors; hence they are not liable for contravening their directorial duties under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) and are entitled to be exempted from the penalties stipulated under the statute. However, the court rejected this contention on the ground that the directors have made declaration of contravention under section 1371DA of the Act. The contention that the defendants relied on the management and the auditors cannot be taken into consideration as the law requires and expects that the directors should have adequate financial knowledge to be able to determine any errors in the financial statements published by the company (Wheelen and Hunger 2017). The careful perusal of the financial statements is an important role that is played by the directors and as mentioned before directors are experienced and intelligent men in the corporate sector, hence, it is quite obvious to expect fro m the directors to ensure that the information in the financial statements is accurate and fair. Impact of the decision The important issues that were dealt with in this case were delegation of duty and dependence of the directors on others and the extent to which directors are required to possess financial literacy. The implication of the decision in the Healys case had enhanced the significance of the duty of a director to exercise care and due diligence while discharging the directorial duties. The directors are required to apply their intelligence while reviewing the financial statements and must possess sufficient knowledge about the financial status of the company in order to make necessary enquiries to ensure that the content of the financial statements are consistent with the knowledge possessed by the directors with respect to the company. Further, with respect to the issue regarding depending on the advice given by others the court found that it is an essential duty of the directors to take rational steps to monitor the functioning of the company and exercise supervisory powers in the operational matters of the company (Coffee et al. 2015). Directors cannot depend on the advice of the management as an alternative for assessing matters that falls within the responsibilities of the members of the Board. Furthermore, the judge laid more emphasis on the requirement of the directors to possess minimum knowledge about the financial activities of the company so that they are capable of detecting any financial error in the organization. The directors of an organization are required to comply with the financial reporting requirements stipulated under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) and possess knowledge about the affairs of the company ensuring that they exercise reasonable care and diligence while discharging their directorial duties in the best interest of the company. References ASIC v Healey Ors [2011] FCA 717 (Centro Case). Banerjee, S. and Humphery-Jenner, M., 2016. Directors duties of care and the value of auditing.Finance Research Letters,19, pp.1-14. Laing, G., Douglas, S. and Watt, G., 2015. Aspects of Corporate Delegation, Reliance and Financial Reporting: Lessons from Australian Securities and Investments Commission v. Healey.Canberra L. Rev.,13, p.16. Langford, R.T., Ramsay, I. and Welsh, M.A., 2015. The origins of company directors' statutory duty of care. ODonnell, K., Hicks, B., Streeter, J. and Shantapriyan, P., 2015. Getting it right: directors assessment of information.Managerial Auditing Journal,30(2), pp.117-131. Gitman, L.J., Juchau, R. and Flanagan, J., 2015.Principles of managerial finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Bay, C., Catass, B. and Johed, G., 2014. Situating financial literacy.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(1), pp.36-45. Hanrahan, P.F., Ramsay, I. and Stapledon, G.P., 2013. Commercial applications of company law. Stuart, D., 2015. Promotional feature: Appraising board form.Company Director,31(8), p.48. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson. Badolato, P.G., Donelson, D.C. and Ege, M., 2014. Audit committee financial expertise and earnings management: The role of status.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.208-230. Keay, A.R., 2014.Directors' Duties. Jordans. Velasco, J., 2014. A Defense of the Corporate Law Duty of Care. Coffee Jr, J.C., Sale, H. and Henderson, M.T., 2015. Securities regulation: Cases and materials. Strine Jr, L.E., 2014. Making It Easier for Directors to Do the Right Thing.Harv. Bus. L. Rev.,4, p.235.